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The origin of the first parliament is in the Middle Ages. In the 1188 Alfonso IX, king of Leon convined the three states in the "Cortes de León".〔http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2013/06/19/castillayleon/1371632533.html〕 The origins of the modern concept of parliamentary government go back to the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800) and the parliamentary system in Sweden during the Age of Liberty (1718–1772). In the Kingdom of Great Britain, the monarch, in theory, chaired cabinet and chose ministers. In practice, King George I's inability to speak English led the responsibility for chairing cabinet to go to the leading minister, literally the ''prime'' or first minister, Robert Walpole. The gradual democratisation of parliament with the broadening of the voting franchise increased parliament's role in controlling government, and in deciding who the king could ask to form a government. By the nineteenth century, the Great Reform Act of 1832 led to parliamentary dominance, with its choice ''invariably'' deciding who was prime minister and the complexion of the government. Other countries gradually adopted what came to be called the Westminster Model of government, with an executive answerable to parliament, but exercising powers nominally vested in the head of state, in the name of the head of state. Hence the use of phrases like ''Her Majesty's government'' or ''His Excellency's government''. Such a system became particularly prevalent in older British dominions, many of whom had their constitutions enacted by the British parliament; examples include Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the Irish Free State and the Union of South Africa. Some of these parliaments evolved or were reformed from their original British model: the Australian Senate, for instance, more closely reflects the US Senate than the British House of Lords; whereas there is no upper house in New Zealand. == Proto-parliamentary institutions == Since ancient times, when societies were tribal, there were councils or a headman whose decisions were assessed by village elders. This is often referred to as tribalism. Some scholars argue that in ancient Mesopotamia there was a primitive democratic government where the kings were assessed by council.〔Jacobsen, T. (July 1943). "Primitive Democracy in Ancient Mesopotamia". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2 (3): 159–172.〕 The same has been said about ancient India, where some form of assemblies existed, and therefore there was some form of democracy.〔Robinson, E. W. (1997). (The First Democracies: Early Popular Government Outside Athens ). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-06951-8.〕 However, these claims are not accepted by most scholars, who see these forms of government as oligarchies.〔Bailkey, N. (July 1967). "Early Mesopotamian Constitutional Development". American History Review 72 (4): 1211–1236. http://www.jstor.org/pss/1847791.〕〔Larsen, J.A.O. (Jan. 1973). "Demokratia". Classical Philology 68 (1): 45–46.〕〔de Sainte, C.G.E.M. (2006). The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1442-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=LkYIAAAAIAAJ.〕〔Bongard-Levin, G.M. (1986). A complex study of Ancient India. South Asia Books. ISBN 81-202-0141-8.〕〔Sharma, J.P. (1968). Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. http://books.google.com/books?id=sQKNAAAAMAAJ.〕 Ancient Athens was the cradle of democracy.〔(John Dunn (2005), ''Democracy:a History'', p.24 )〕 The Athenian assembly (ἐκκλησία ekklesia), was the most important institution, and every male aristocratic citizen above the age of thirty could take part in the discussions, but no women, no men under the age of thirty and of course no one of the thousand slaves are allowed to take part in the discussions. However, Athenian democracy was not representative, but rather direct, and therefore the ekklesia was different from the parliamentary system. The Roman republic had legislative assemblies, who had the final say regarding the election of magistrates, the enactment of new statutes, the carrying out of capital punishment, the declaration of war and peace, and the creation (or dissolution) of alliances.〔Abbott, Frank Frost (1901). A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. Elibron Classics. ISBN 0-543-92749-0.〕 The Roman Senate controlled money, administration, and the details of foreign policy.〔Byrd, Robert (1995). The Senate of the Roman Republic. US Government Printing Office Senate Document 103–23.〕 Some Muslim scholars argue that the Islamic shura (a method of taking decisions in Islamic societies) is analogous to the parliament.〔("The Shura principle in Islam" by Sadek Jawad Sulaiman )〕 However, many other disagree, highlighting some fundamental differences between the shura system and the parliamentary system.〔(''The System of Islam, (Nidham ul Islam)'' by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani ), Al-Khilafa Publications, 1423 AH - 2002 CE, p. 61〕〔(''The System of Islam,'' by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani ), p. 39〕〔(''Shura and Democracy'',by M. A. Muqtedar Khan )〕 In Anglo-Saxon England, the Witenagamot was an important political institution. The name derives from the Old English ƿitena ȝemōt, or witena gemōt, for "meeting of wise men". The first recorded act of a witenagemot was the law code issued by King Æthelberht of Kent ca. 600, the earliest document which survives in sustained Old English prose; however, the witan was certainly in existence long before this time.〔Liebermann, Felix, The National Assembly in the Anglo-Saxon Period (Halle, 1913; repr. New York, 1961).〕 The Witan, along with the folkmoots (local assemblies) is an important ancestor of the modern English parliament.〔(Birth of the English Parliament )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Parliamentarism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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